Свака софтверска апликација захтева корисничко име и лозинку да би се потврдила аутентичност важећег корисника. Корисничко име може бити било шта попут ИД-а е-поште или само комбинација знакова. Али приликом креирања лозинке, морате бити веома опрезни. Зато што свако са важећим акредитивима може ући у систем и приступити информацијама.

Потреба за шифровањем лозинке

Када корисник постави своју лозинку, она се чува у бази података као обичан текст. Чување обичног текста какав јесте у бази података уопште није безбедно. Хакери могу да разбију систем и украду лозинке из базе података.

Да би се осигурала сигурност корисничке лозинке, она је шифрована коришћењем различитих техника шифровања. Коришћењем различитих техника шифровања, обична текстуална лозинка се чува у шифрованом облику у бази података. Постоји много метода које се могу користити за шифровање лозинке. Али хеширање је једна од најпопуларнијих техника шифровања.

Јава Сецуре Хасхинг Тецхникуес

Шифрована хеш вредност се генерише коришћењем одређених алгоритама на лозинки обичног текста коју је дао корисник. Јава програмирање подржава неколико техника хеширања у циљу шифровања лозинке.

принт низ у Јави

МД5 техника хеширања

МД5 (Мессаге Дигест) је веома популаран алгоритам хеширања. То је криптографска хеш функција која генерише хеш вредност од 128 бита. Овај алгоритам је дефинисан под пакетом јава.сецурити у Јава програмирању.

ПассЕнцТецх1.јава

 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.MessageDigest; public class PassEncTech1 { /* Driver Code */ public static void main(String[] args) { /* Plain-text password initialization. */ String password = &apos;myPassword&apos;; String encryptedpassword = null; try { /* MessageDigest instance for MD5. */ MessageDigest m = MessageDigest.getInstance(&apos;MD5&apos;); /* Add plain-text password bytes to digest using MD5 update() method. */ m.update(password.getBytes()); /* Convert the hash value into bytes */ byte[] bytes = m.digest(); /* The bytes array has bytes in decimal form. Converting it into hexadecimal format. */ StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); for(int i=0; i <bytes.length ;i++) { s.append(integer.tostring((bytes[i] & 0xff) + 0x100, 16).substring(1)); } * complete hashed password in hexadecimal format encryptedpassword="s.toString();" catch (nosuchalgorithmexception e) e.printstacktrace(); display the unencrypted and encrypted passwords. system.out.println('plain-text password: ' password); system.out.println('encrypted using md5: encryptedpassword); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> Plain-text password: myPassword Encrypted password using MD5: deb1536f480475f7d593219aa1afd74c </pre> <p>The above code shows the implementation of <strong> <em>MessageDigest</em> </strong> class in <strong> <em>java.security</em> </strong> package. The MD5 returns a byte array that needs to be converted into a readable hexadecimal format.</p> <p>The MD5 hashing technique is easy and fast to implement but it is also prone to brute force attacks or dictionary attacks.</p> <h3>SHA256</h3> <p>SHA is the Secure Hash Algorithm. It uses a cryptographic function that takes up the 32-bit plain-text password and converts it into a fixed size 256-bit hash value. This hashing technique is implemented using the MessageDiagest class of java.security package.</p> <p>It is a one-way encryption technique. Once the passphrase is encrypted it cannot be decrypted back.</p> <p> <strong>PassEncTech2.java</strong> </p> <pre> import java.math.BigInteger; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; public class PassEncTech2 { public static byte[] getSHA(String input) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException { /* MessageDigest instance for hashing using SHA256 */ MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(&apos;SHA-256&apos;); /* digest() method called to calculate message digest of an input and return array of byte */ return md.digest(input.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } public static String toHexString(byte[] hash) { /* Convert byte array of hash into digest */ BigInteger number = new BigInteger(1, hash); /* Convert the digest into hex value */ StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder(number.toString(16)); /* Pad with leading zeros */ while (hexString.length() <32) { hexstring.insert(0, '0'); } return hexstring.tostring(); * driver code public static void main(string args[]) try string string1="myPassword" ; system.out.println('
' + ' : tohexstring(getsha(string1))); string2="hashtrial" tohexstring(getsha(string2))); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception e) system.out.println('exception thrown for incorrect algorithm: e); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> myPassword : 76549b827ec46e705fd03831813fa52172338f0dfcbd711ed44b81a96dac51c6 hashtrial : d3e3224a59d69e9a000f1ce6782cb6a8be1eb3155610ff41bffbcbc95adc5d7 </pre> <p>The above code uses the instance of <strong> <em>MessageDigest</em> </strong> class to generate a hash for <strong> <em>SHA256</em> </strong> . The SHA256 returns a byte array that needs to be converted into a readable hexadecimal format. And lastly, the encrypted hash value is displayed.</p> <h3>SHA512 MD5 Hashing Technique</h3> <p>SHA512 uses a cryptographic function that takes up the 64-bit plain-text password and converts it into a fixed size 512-bit hash value. This hashing technique is also implemented using the MessageDiagest class of java.security package.</p> <p> <strong>PassEncTech2.java</strong> </p> <pre> import java.math.BigInteger; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; public class PassEncTech2 { public static byte[] getSHA(String input) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException { /* MessageDigest instance for hashing using SHA512*/ MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(&apos;SHA-512&apos;); /* digest() method called to calculate message digest of an input and return array of byte */ return md.digest(input.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } public static String toHexString(byte[] hash) { /* Convert byte array of hash into digest */ BigInteger number = new BigInteger(1, hash); /* Convert the digest into hex value */ StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder(number.toString(16)); /* Pad with leading zeros */ while (hexString.length() <32) { hexstring.insert(0, '0'); } return hexstring.tostring(); * driver code public static void main(string args[]) try string string1="myPassword" ; system.out.println('
' + ' : tohexstring(getsha(string1))); string2="hashtrial" tohexstring(getsha(string2))); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception e) system.out.println('exception thrown for incorrect algorithm: e); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> myPassword : 450ad03db9395dfccb5e03066fd7f16cfba2b61e23d516373714471459052ec90a9a4bf3a151e600ea8aaed36e3b8c21a3d38ab1705839749d130da4380f1448 hashtrial : 9520ea1a8d60d23334e6d59acebd587de6fec1e53db5836f467096c540ae60f7c85e9fbc90856dee9d6563609b8786b03b47892af0bad44bdcab2206f22df5cb </pre> <p>The above code uses the instance of <strong> <em>MessageDigest</em> </strong> class to generate a hash for <strong> <em>SHA512</em> </strong> . The SHA512 returns a byte array that needs to be converted into a readable hexadecimal format. And lastly, the encrypted hash value is displayed.</p> <h3>Password-Based Encryption using Salt and Base64:</h3> <p>The password-based encryption technique uses plain text passwords and salt values to generate a hash value. And the hash value is then encoded as a Base64 string. Salt value contains random data generated using an instance of Random class from java.util package.</p> <p>The following program demonstrates password encryption using salt and base64.</p> <p> <strong>PassEncTech4.java</strong> </p> <pre> import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.SecureRandom; import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Base64; import java.util.Random; import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory; import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec; public class PassEncTech4 { /* Driver Code */ public static void main(String[] args) { /* Plain text Password. */ String password = &apos;myNewPass123&apos;; /* generates the Salt value. It can be stored in a database. */ String saltvalue = PassBasedEnc.getSaltvalue(30); /* generates an encrypted password. It can be stored in a database.*/ String encryptedpassword = PassBasedEnc.generateSecurePassword(password, saltvalue); /* Print out plain text password, encrypted password and salt value. */ System.out.println(&apos;Plain text password = &apos; + password); System.out.println(&apos;Secure password = &apos; + encryptedpassword); System.out.println(&apos;Salt value = &apos; + saltvalue); /* verify the original password and encrypted password */ Boolean status = PassBasedEnc.verifyUserPassword(password,encryptedpassword,saltvalue); if(status==true) System.out.println(&apos;Password Matched!!&apos;); else System.out.println(&apos;Password Mismatched&apos;); } } class PassBasedEnc { /* Declaration of variables */ private static final Random random = new SecureRandom(); private static final String characters = &apos;0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&apos;; private static final int iterations = 10000; private static final int keylength = 256; /* Method to generate the salt value. */ public static String getSaltvalue(int length) { StringBuilder finalval = new StringBuilder(length); for (int i = 0; i <length; i++) { finalval.append(characters.charat(random.nextint(characters.length()))); } return new string(finalval); * method to generate the hash value public static byte[] hash(char[] password, salt) pbekeyspec spec="new" pbekeyspec(password, salt, iterations, keylength); arrays.fill(password, character.min_value); try secretkeyfactory skf="SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(&apos;PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1&apos;);" skf.generatesecret(spec).getencoded(); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception | invalidkeyspecexception e) throw assertionerror('error while hashing a password: ' + e.getmessage(), e); finally spec.clearpassword(); encrypt password using original and salt value. string generatesecurepassword(string finalval="null;" securepassword="hash(password.toCharArray()," salt.getbytes()); finalval; verify if both matches or not boolean verifyuserpassword(string providedpassword, securedpassword, secure with same newsecurepassword="generateSecurePassword(providedPassword," salt); check two passwords are equal < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> Plain text password = myNewPass123 Secure password = sA0jNGQTrAfMUiqrB++bMKTU55ThdFCl16ZZTIXwD2M= Salt value = n7d9MPQFXxDqzT6onmong3hQt8Nyko Password Matched!! </pre> <p>In the above code, two classes are defined.</p> <ol class="points"> <li>The class <strong> <em>PassEncTech4</em> </strong> contains the driver code for the program. It generates a salt value and encrypted password using the given plain-text password. And verifies them using the value returned by the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword() </em> </strong> </li> <li>In the class <strong> <em>PassBasedEnc, </em> </strong> 4 methods are defined. The first method is <strong> <em>getSaltvalue()</em> </strong> which generates the value using <strong> <em>Random</em> </strong> class from <strong> <em>util</em> </strong> package. Then <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> is defined that has a return type of byte array. The <strong> <em>generateSecurePassword() </em> </strong> uses plain-text password and salt value with the <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> method. And lastly, the two passwords are matched using the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword()</em> </strong> method.</li> </ol> <h2>Techniques for Cracking the Hash</h2> <p>A hash value is prone to different kinds of attacks by attackers. Some of them are mentioned below,</p> <ol class="points"> <tr><td>Brute force attack:</td> In the brute force attack, the attacker submits multiple combinations of passphrases or passwords in the hope that one of the combinations will match and he can enter into the system. <br> To avoid this kind of attack the passphrase should use a combination of alphabets, numbers and symbols. Another way is to set a fixed number of invalid attempts and after that ask for human verification like a captcha. </tr><tr><td>Dictionary attack:</td> Dictionary attack is an enhanced version of brute force attack. In this technique, the encrypted cipher is tried to be decrypted using multiple possibilities, like the words in a dictionary. </tr><tr><td>Rainbow tables:</td> The technique is about a rainbow table that is precomputed table for reversing the cryptographic hash functions. The rainbow tables are used to discover the plain text passwords up to a certain length and a limited number of characters. So it uses a side-loop table in order to reduce the storage usage and increase the speed of attack. </tr></ol> <hr></length;></pre></32)></pre></32)></pre></bytes.length>

Горњи код показује имплементацију МессагеДигест разред у јава.сецурити пакет. МД5 враћа низ бајтова који треба да се конвертује у читљив хексадецимални формат.

Техника хеширања МД5 је једноставна и брза за имплементацију, али је такође склона нападима грубе силе или нападима из речника.

СХА256

СХА је безбедни хеш алгоритам. Користи криптографску функцију која преузима 32-битну шифру обичног текста и претвара је у 256-битну хеш вредност фиксне величине. Ова техника хеширања је имплементирана коришћењем класе МессагеДиагест пакета јава.сецурити.

То је једносмерна техника шифровања. Када је приступна фраза шифрована, не може се поново дешифровати.

ПассЕнцТецх2.јава

бинарно стабло обилажења наруџбине путем поште

 import java.math.BigInteger; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; public class PassEncTech2 { public static byte[] getSHA(String input) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException { /* MessageDigest instance for hashing using SHA256 */ MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(&apos;SHA-256&apos;); /* digest() method called to calculate message digest of an input and return array of byte */ return md.digest(input.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } public static String toHexString(byte[] hash) { /* Convert byte array of hash into digest */ BigInteger number = new BigInteger(1, hash); /* Convert the digest into hex value */ StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder(number.toString(16)); /* Pad with leading zeros */ while (hexString.length() <32) { hexstring.insert(0, \'0\'); } return hexstring.tostring(); * driver code public static void main(string args[]) try string string1="myPassword" ; system.out.println(\'
\' + \' : tohexstring(getsha(string1))); string2="hashtrial" tohexstring(getsha(string2))); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception e) system.out.println(\'exception thrown for incorrect algorithm: e); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> myPassword : 76549b827ec46e705fd03831813fa52172338f0dfcbd711ed44b81a96dac51c6 hashtrial : d3e3224a59d69e9a000f1ce6782cb6a8be1eb3155610ff41bffbcbc95adc5d7 </pre> <p>The above code uses the instance of <strong> <em>MessageDigest</em> </strong> class to generate a hash for <strong> <em>SHA256</em> </strong> . The SHA256 returns a byte array that needs to be converted into a readable hexadecimal format. And lastly, the encrypted hash value is displayed.</p> <h3>SHA512 MD5 Hashing Technique</h3> <p>SHA512 uses a cryptographic function that takes up the 64-bit plain-text password and converts it into a fixed size 512-bit hash value. This hashing technique is also implemented using the MessageDiagest class of java.security package.</p> <p> <strong>PassEncTech2.java</strong> </p> <pre> import java.math.BigInteger; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; public class PassEncTech2 { public static byte[] getSHA(String input) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException { /* MessageDigest instance for hashing using SHA512*/ MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(&apos;SHA-512&apos;); /* digest() method called to calculate message digest of an input and return array of byte */ return md.digest(input.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } public static String toHexString(byte[] hash) { /* Convert byte array of hash into digest */ BigInteger number = new BigInteger(1, hash); /* Convert the digest into hex value */ StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder(number.toString(16)); /* Pad with leading zeros */ while (hexString.length() <32) { hexstring.insert(0, \'0\'); } return hexstring.tostring(); * driver code public static void main(string args[]) try string string1="myPassword" ; system.out.println(\'
\' + \' : tohexstring(getsha(string1))); string2="hashtrial" tohexstring(getsha(string2))); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception e) system.out.println(\'exception thrown for incorrect algorithm: e); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> myPassword : 450ad03db9395dfccb5e03066fd7f16cfba2b61e23d516373714471459052ec90a9a4bf3a151e600ea8aaed36e3b8c21a3d38ab1705839749d130da4380f1448 hashtrial : 9520ea1a8d60d23334e6d59acebd587de6fec1e53db5836f467096c540ae60f7c85e9fbc90856dee9d6563609b8786b03b47892af0bad44bdcab2206f22df5cb </pre> <p>The above code uses the instance of <strong> <em>MessageDigest</em> </strong> class to generate a hash for <strong> <em>SHA512</em> </strong> . The SHA512 returns a byte array that needs to be converted into a readable hexadecimal format. And lastly, the encrypted hash value is displayed.</p> <h3>Password-Based Encryption using Salt and Base64:</h3> <p>The password-based encryption technique uses plain text passwords and salt values to generate a hash value. And the hash value is then encoded as a Base64 string. Salt value contains random data generated using an instance of Random class from java.util package.</p> <p>The following program demonstrates password encryption using salt and base64.</p> <p> <strong>PassEncTech4.java</strong> </p> <pre> import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.SecureRandom; import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Base64; import java.util.Random; import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory; import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec; public class PassEncTech4 { /* Driver Code */ public static void main(String[] args) { /* Plain text Password. */ String password = &apos;myNewPass123&apos;; /* generates the Salt value. It can be stored in a database. */ String saltvalue = PassBasedEnc.getSaltvalue(30); /* generates an encrypted password. It can be stored in a database.*/ String encryptedpassword = PassBasedEnc.generateSecurePassword(password, saltvalue); /* Print out plain text password, encrypted password and salt value. */ System.out.println(&apos;Plain text password = &apos; + password); System.out.println(&apos;Secure password = &apos; + encryptedpassword); System.out.println(&apos;Salt value = &apos; + saltvalue); /* verify the original password and encrypted password */ Boolean status = PassBasedEnc.verifyUserPassword(password,encryptedpassword,saltvalue); if(status==true) System.out.println(&apos;Password Matched!!&apos;); else System.out.println(&apos;Password Mismatched&apos;); } } class PassBasedEnc { /* Declaration of variables */ private static final Random random = new SecureRandom(); private static final String characters = &apos;0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&apos;; private static final int iterations = 10000; private static final int keylength = 256; /* Method to generate the salt value. */ public static String getSaltvalue(int length) { StringBuilder finalval = new StringBuilder(length); for (int i = 0; i <length; i++) { finalval.append(characters.charat(random.nextint(characters.length()))); } return new string(finalval); * method to generate the hash value public static byte[] hash(char[] password, salt) pbekeyspec spec="new" pbekeyspec(password, salt, iterations, keylength); arrays.fill(password, character.min_value); try secretkeyfactory skf="SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(&apos;PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1&apos;);" skf.generatesecret(spec).getencoded(); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception | invalidkeyspecexception e) throw assertionerror(\'error while hashing a password: \' + e.getmessage(), e); finally spec.clearpassword(); encrypt password using original and salt value. string generatesecurepassword(string finalval="null;" securepassword="hash(password.toCharArray()," salt.getbytes()); finalval; verify if both matches or not boolean verifyuserpassword(string providedpassword, securedpassword, secure with same newsecurepassword="generateSecurePassword(providedPassword," salt); check two passwords are equal < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> Plain text password = myNewPass123 Secure password = sA0jNGQTrAfMUiqrB++bMKTU55ThdFCl16ZZTIXwD2M= Salt value = n7d9MPQFXxDqzT6onmong3hQt8Nyko Password Matched!! </pre> <p>In the above code, two classes are defined.</p> <ol class="points"> <li>The class <strong> <em>PassEncTech4</em> </strong> contains the driver code for the program. It generates a salt value and encrypted password using the given plain-text password. And verifies them using the value returned by the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword() </em> </strong> </li> <li>In the class <strong> <em>PassBasedEnc, </em> </strong> 4 methods are defined. The first method is <strong> <em>getSaltvalue()</em> </strong> which generates the value using <strong> <em>Random</em> </strong> class from <strong> <em>util</em> </strong> package. Then <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> is defined that has a return type of byte array. The <strong> <em>generateSecurePassword() </em> </strong> uses plain-text password and salt value with the <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> method. And lastly, the two passwords are matched using the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword()</em> </strong> method.</li> </ol> <h2>Techniques for Cracking the Hash</h2> <p>A hash value is prone to different kinds of attacks by attackers. Some of them are mentioned below,</p> <ol class="points"> <tr><td>Brute force attack:</td> In the brute force attack, the attacker submits multiple combinations of passphrases or passwords in the hope that one of the combinations will match and he can enter into the system. <br> To avoid this kind of attack the passphrase should use a combination of alphabets, numbers and symbols. Another way is to set a fixed number of invalid attempts and after that ask for human verification like a captcha. </tr><tr><td>Dictionary attack:</td> Dictionary attack is an enhanced version of brute force attack. In this technique, the encrypted cipher is tried to be decrypted using multiple possibilities, like the words in a dictionary. </tr><tr><td>Rainbow tables:</td> The technique is about a rainbow table that is precomputed table for reversing the cryptographic hash functions. The rainbow tables are used to discover the plain text passwords up to a certain length and a limited number of characters. So it uses a side-loop table in order to reduce the storage usage and increase the speed of attack. </tr></ol> <hr></length;></pre></32)></pre></32)>

Горњи код користи инстанцу од МессагеДигест класу за генерисање хеша СХА256 . СХА256 враћа низ бајтова који треба да се конвертује у читљив хексадецимални формат. И на крају, приказана је шифрована хеш вредност.

СХА512 МД5 техника хеширања

СХА512 користи криптографску функцију која преузима 64-битну шифру обичног текста и претвара је у хеш вредност од 512-бита фиксне величине. Ова техника хеширања је такође имплементирана помоћу класе МессагеДиагест пакета јава.сецурити.

ПассЕнцТецх2.јава

 import java.math.BigInteger; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; public class PassEncTech2 { public static byte[] getSHA(String input) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException { /* MessageDigest instance for hashing using SHA512*/ MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(&apos;SHA-512&apos;); /* digest() method called to calculate message digest of an input and return array of byte */ return md.digest(input.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } public static String toHexString(byte[] hash) { /* Convert byte array of hash into digest */ BigInteger number = new BigInteger(1, hash); /* Convert the digest into hex value */ StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder(number.toString(16)); /* Pad with leading zeros */ while (hexString.length() <32) { hexstring.insert(0, \'0\'); } return hexstring.tostring(); * driver code public static void main(string args[]) try string string1="myPassword" ; system.out.println(\'
\' + \' : tohexstring(getsha(string1))); string2="hashtrial" tohexstring(getsha(string2))); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception e) system.out.println(\'exception thrown for incorrect algorithm: e); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> myPassword : 450ad03db9395dfccb5e03066fd7f16cfba2b61e23d516373714471459052ec90a9a4bf3a151e600ea8aaed36e3b8c21a3d38ab1705839749d130da4380f1448 hashtrial : 9520ea1a8d60d23334e6d59acebd587de6fec1e53db5836f467096c540ae60f7c85e9fbc90856dee9d6563609b8786b03b47892af0bad44bdcab2206f22df5cb </pre> <p>The above code uses the instance of <strong> <em>MessageDigest</em> </strong> class to generate a hash for <strong> <em>SHA512</em> </strong> . The SHA512 returns a byte array that needs to be converted into a readable hexadecimal format. And lastly, the encrypted hash value is displayed.</p> <h3>Password-Based Encryption using Salt and Base64:</h3> <p>The password-based encryption technique uses plain text passwords and salt values to generate a hash value. And the hash value is then encoded as a Base64 string. Salt value contains random data generated using an instance of Random class from java.util package.</p> <p>The following program demonstrates password encryption using salt and base64.</p> <p> <strong>PassEncTech4.java</strong> </p> <pre> import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.SecureRandom; import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Base64; import java.util.Random; import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory; import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec; public class PassEncTech4 { /* Driver Code */ public static void main(String[] args) { /* Plain text Password. */ String password = &apos;myNewPass123&apos;; /* generates the Salt value. It can be stored in a database. */ String saltvalue = PassBasedEnc.getSaltvalue(30); /* generates an encrypted password. It can be stored in a database.*/ String encryptedpassword = PassBasedEnc.generateSecurePassword(password, saltvalue); /* Print out plain text password, encrypted password and salt value. */ System.out.println(&apos;Plain text password = &apos; + password); System.out.println(&apos;Secure password = &apos; + encryptedpassword); System.out.println(&apos;Salt value = &apos; + saltvalue); /* verify the original password and encrypted password */ Boolean status = PassBasedEnc.verifyUserPassword(password,encryptedpassword,saltvalue); if(status==true) System.out.println(&apos;Password Matched!!&apos;); else System.out.println(&apos;Password Mismatched&apos;); } } class PassBasedEnc { /* Declaration of variables */ private static final Random random = new SecureRandom(); private static final String characters = &apos;0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&apos;; private static final int iterations = 10000; private static final int keylength = 256; /* Method to generate the salt value. */ public static String getSaltvalue(int length) { StringBuilder finalval = new StringBuilder(length); for (int i = 0; i <length; i++) { finalval.append(characters.charat(random.nextint(characters.length()))); } return new string(finalval); * method to generate the hash value public static byte[] hash(char[] password, salt) pbekeyspec spec="new" pbekeyspec(password, salt, iterations, keylength); arrays.fill(password, character.min_value); try secretkeyfactory skf="SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(&apos;PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1&apos;);" skf.generatesecret(spec).getencoded(); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception | invalidkeyspecexception e) throw assertionerror(\'error while hashing a password: \' + e.getmessage(), e); finally spec.clearpassword(); encrypt password using original and salt value. string generatesecurepassword(string finalval="null;" securepassword="hash(password.toCharArray()," salt.getbytes()); finalval; verify if both matches or not boolean verifyuserpassword(string providedpassword, securedpassword, secure with same newsecurepassword="generateSecurePassword(providedPassword," salt); check two passwords are equal < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> Plain text password = myNewPass123 Secure password = sA0jNGQTrAfMUiqrB++bMKTU55ThdFCl16ZZTIXwD2M= Salt value = n7d9MPQFXxDqzT6onmong3hQt8Nyko Password Matched!! </pre> <p>In the above code, two classes are defined.</p> <ol class="points"> <li>The class <strong> <em>PassEncTech4</em> </strong> contains the driver code for the program. It generates a salt value and encrypted password using the given plain-text password. And verifies them using the value returned by the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword() </em> </strong> </li> <li>In the class <strong> <em>PassBasedEnc, </em> </strong> 4 methods are defined. The first method is <strong> <em>getSaltvalue()</em> </strong> which generates the value using <strong> <em>Random</em> </strong> class from <strong> <em>util</em> </strong> package. Then <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> is defined that has a return type of byte array. The <strong> <em>generateSecurePassword() </em> </strong> uses plain-text password and salt value with the <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> method. And lastly, the two passwords are matched using the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword()</em> </strong> method.</li> </ol> <h2>Techniques for Cracking the Hash</h2> <p>A hash value is prone to different kinds of attacks by attackers. Some of them are mentioned below,</p> <ol class="points"> <tr><td>Brute force attack:</td> In the brute force attack, the attacker submits multiple combinations of passphrases or passwords in the hope that one of the combinations will match and he can enter into the system. <br> To avoid this kind of attack the passphrase should use a combination of alphabets, numbers and symbols. Another way is to set a fixed number of invalid attempts and after that ask for human verification like a captcha. </tr><tr><td>Dictionary attack:</td> Dictionary attack is an enhanced version of brute force attack. In this technique, the encrypted cipher is tried to be decrypted using multiple possibilities, like the words in a dictionary. </tr><tr><td>Rainbow tables:</td> The technique is about a rainbow table that is precomputed table for reversing the cryptographic hash functions. The rainbow tables are used to discover the plain text passwords up to a certain length and a limited number of characters. So it uses a side-loop table in order to reduce the storage usage and increase the speed of attack. </tr></ol> <hr></length;></pre></32)>

Горњи код користи инстанцу од МессагеДигест класу за генерисање хеша СХА512 . СХА512 враћа низ бајтова који треба да се конвертује у читљив хексадецимални формат. И на крају, приказана је шифрована хеш вредност.

Салман Кхан аге

Шифровање засновано на лозинки користећи Салт и Басе64:

Техника шифровања заснована на лозинки користи обичне текстуалне лозинке и вредности соли за генерисање хеш вредности. А хеш вредност се затим кодира као Басе64 стринг. Салт вредност садржи насумичне податке генерисане коришћењем инстанце класе Рандом из пакета јава.утил.

Следећи програм показује шифровање лозинке помоћу соли и басе64.

ПассЕнцТецх4.јава

 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.SecureRandom; import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Base64; import java.util.Random; import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory; import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec; public class PassEncTech4 { /* Driver Code */ public static void main(String[] args) { /* Plain text Password. */ String password = &apos;myNewPass123&apos;; /* generates the Salt value. It can be stored in a database. */ String saltvalue = PassBasedEnc.getSaltvalue(30); /* generates an encrypted password. It can be stored in a database.*/ String encryptedpassword = PassBasedEnc.generateSecurePassword(password, saltvalue); /* Print out plain text password, encrypted password and salt value. */ System.out.println(&apos;Plain text password = &apos; + password); System.out.println(&apos;Secure password = &apos; + encryptedpassword); System.out.println(&apos;Salt value = &apos; + saltvalue); /* verify the original password and encrypted password */ Boolean status = PassBasedEnc.verifyUserPassword(password,encryptedpassword,saltvalue); if(status==true) System.out.println(&apos;Password Matched!!&apos;); else System.out.println(&apos;Password Mismatched&apos;); } } class PassBasedEnc { /* Declaration of variables */ private static final Random random = new SecureRandom(); private static final String characters = &apos;0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&apos;; private static final int iterations = 10000; private static final int keylength = 256; /* Method to generate the salt value. */ public static String getSaltvalue(int length) { StringBuilder finalval = new StringBuilder(length); for (int i = 0; i <length; i++) { finalval.append(characters.charat(random.nextint(characters.length()))); } return new string(finalval); * method to generate the hash value public static byte[] hash(char[] password, salt) pbekeyspec spec="new" pbekeyspec(password, salt, iterations, keylength); arrays.fill(password, character.min_value); try secretkeyfactory skf="SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(&apos;PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1&apos;);" skf.generatesecret(spec).getencoded(); catch (nosuchalgorithmexception | invalidkeyspecexception e) throw assertionerror(\'error while hashing a password: \' + e.getmessage(), e); finally spec.clearpassword(); encrypt password using original and salt value. string generatesecurepassword(string finalval="null;" securepassword="hash(password.toCharArray()," salt.getbytes()); finalval; verify if both matches or not boolean verifyuserpassword(string providedpassword, securedpassword, secure with same newsecurepassword="generateSecurePassword(providedPassword," salt); check two passwords are equal < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> Plain text password = myNewPass123 Secure password = sA0jNGQTrAfMUiqrB++bMKTU55ThdFCl16ZZTIXwD2M= Salt value = n7d9MPQFXxDqzT6onmong3hQt8Nyko Password Matched!! </pre> <p>In the above code, two classes are defined.</p> <ol class="points"> <li>The class <strong> <em>PassEncTech4</em> </strong> contains the driver code for the program. It generates a salt value and encrypted password using the given plain-text password. And verifies them using the value returned by the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword() </em> </strong> </li> <li>In the class <strong> <em>PassBasedEnc, </em> </strong> 4 methods are defined. The first method is <strong> <em>getSaltvalue()</em> </strong> which generates the value using <strong> <em>Random</em> </strong> class from <strong> <em>util</em> </strong> package. Then <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> is defined that has a return type of byte array. The <strong> <em>generateSecurePassword() </em> </strong> uses plain-text password and salt value with the <strong> <em>hash()</em> </strong> method. And lastly, the two passwords are matched using the <strong> <em>verifyUserPassword()</em> </strong> method.</li> </ol> <h2>Techniques for Cracking the Hash</h2> <p>A hash value is prone to different kinds of attacks by attackers. Some of them are mentioned below,</p> <ol class="points"> <tr><td>Brute force attack:</td> In the brute force attack, the attacker submits multiple combinations of passphrases or passwords in the hope that one of the combinations will match and he can enter into the system. <br> To avoid this kind of attack the passphrase should use a combination of alphabets, numbers and symbols. Another way is to set a fixed number of invalid attempts and after that ask for human verification like a captcha. </tr><tr><td>Dictionary attack:</td> Dictionary attack is an enhanced version of brute force attack. In this technique, the encrypted cipher is tried to be decrypted using multiple possibilities, like the words in a dictionary. </tr><tr><td>Rainbow tables:</td> The technique is about a rainbow table that is precomputed table for reversing the cryptographic hash functions. The rainbow tables are used to discover the plain text passwords up to a certain length and a limited number of characters. So it uses a side-loop table in order to reduce the storage usage and increase the speed of attack. </tr></ol> <hr></length;>

У горњем коду су дефинисане две класе.

1. Класа ПассЕнцТецх4 садржи код драјвера за програм. Он генерише вредност соли и шифровану лозинку користећи дату лозинку у облику обичног текста. И верификује их користећи вредност коју враћа верифиУсерПассворд()
2. У класи ПассБаседЕнц, Дефинисане су 4 методе. Први метод је гетСалтвалуе() који генерише вредност користећи насумично разред из утил пакет. Онда хасх() дефинисан је који има тип враћања низа бајтова. Тхе ГенерирајСецуреПассворд() користи лозинку у обичном тексту и вредност соли са хасх() методом. И на крају, две лозинке се подударају помоћу верифиУсерПассворд() методом.

Технике за разбијање хеша

Хеш вредност је склона различитим врстама напада од стране нападача. Неки од њих су наведени у наставку,

Напад грубом силом:У нападу грубе силе, нападач шаље више комбинација приступних фраза или лозинки у нади да ће се једна од комбинација подударати и да може да уђе у систем.
Да бисте избегли ову врсту напада, приступна фраза треба да користи комбинацију абецеде, бројева и симбола. Други начин је да подесите фиксни број неважећих покушаја и након тога затражите људску верификацију као цаптцха.Напад на речник:Напад преко речника је побољшана верзија напада грубом силом. У овој техници, шифрована шифра се покушава дешифровати коришћењем више могућности, попут речи у речнику.Раинбов столови:Техника се односи на табелу дуге која је унапред израчуната табела за преокретање криптографских хеш функција. Дугине табеле се користе за откривање лозинки обичног текста до одређене дужине и ограниченог броја знакова. Дакле, користи табелу са бочном петљом како би смањио употребу складиштења и повећао брзину напада.